Interpretation to the European clinical guidelines of psychological interventions for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in 2021 / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Tic disorders are one of the common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, which are mainly managed by pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.Psychological interventions belong to the non-pharmacological treatment, which, however, have not yet been fully recognized and understood in China.The analyses on clinical effectiveness and availability to pediatric patients are limited.This study aims to interpret the clinical guidelines of psychological interventions for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders by European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome in the journal of European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in 2021, aiming to provide reference for the psychological interventions of tic disorders in China.

Research progress of refractory tic disorders / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Refractory tic disorders (RTD) are a recently emerging concept gradually formed in pediatric neurology/psychiatry.Currently, the concept and diagnostic criteria of RTD remain unclarified, and it is extremely difficult to treat RTD.In this article, the definition, clinical features, influence factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, pharmacological treatment and non-pharmacological treatment of RTD in children were reviewed.

Establishment of the normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han-nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To establish the normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han-nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on healthy Han-nationality children aged 3-12 who took physical examination in Wuhan Children′s Hospital, Hubei province from January to August 2021.The children were asked for their medical histories, and those with neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, infection, trauma, and a drug history in the past 2 weeks were excluded.The plasma of 324 children (262 males, 62 females; 217 cases in the 3-7 years old, 107 cases in the 8-12 years old) and urine of 391 children (302 males, 89 females; 266 cases in the 3-7 years old, 125 cases in the 8-12 years old) were collected.They ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry multiple techniques (UPLC-MS/MS) were used to detect 10 kinds of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine, glutamic acid, etc.) in plasma and 8 kinds of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, etc.) in random urine.The normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han-nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province was established.The Kruskal- Wallis H test was made for statistical analysis of the differences in neurotransmitter levels among different age groups and gender groups.The neurotransmitter levels between different groups were compared by the Nemenyi test. Results:There were no significant differences in the levels of various neurotransmitters in children of different genders(all P>0.05). There were significant differences in the levels of dopamine, methoxy-norepinephrine, tryptophan and γ-aminobutyric acid in the plasma of children aged 3-7 years and 8-12 years.There were significant differences in the levels of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, methoxy-norepinephrine, high vanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the random urine between the 3-7 years old group and the 8-12 years old group. Conclusions:The normal reference range of neurotransmitters in Han-nationality children aged 3-12 in Hubei province is established.This study provides reference for clinical practice and lays a foundation for the study of neurotransmitter-related diseases in children.